#Using cmdscale() ?cmdscale cmdscale(dist(spe.hel), k=(nrow(spe)-1), eig=TRUE) #Using pcoa() ?pcoa spe.h.pcoa <- pcoa(dist(spe.hel)) # Extract the results spe.h.pcoa #Construct the biplot biplot.pcoa(spe .h.pcoa, spe.hel, dir.axis2=-1)